You can try 3D aquarium software before you buy it, free downloading the demo version. This 3D animated aquarium screensaver works under Microsoft Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows XP and Windows Vista (32 bit and 64 bit). Windows Requirements for Moving Fish Aquarium Software You can select from 12/24 hour mode and adjust color of digital clock and calendar. It displays current year, month, day, hours and minutes. The digital clock with calendar offers the perfect way to know actual time and will help you track your time easily and accurately. Time is at the core of your business, and tracking it is critical. Many of the best freshwater fish that are commonly seen in fresh water are included in this aquarium screensaver. Marine settings of aquarium screensaver include many popular saltwater fish varieties from every ocean of the world.įor anyone who has expressed an interest in recreating undersea enviroments in the home or office. Ideal for everyday enjoyment or entertainment, looks better than the best HD free aquarium video! Animated underwater backgrounds and lights, together with the free floating bubbles and soothing underwater sounds (one sea surf sound, and one bubbling water sound), create the perfect atmosphere for social and romantic occasions or simply while relaxing at home. With multiple options, you can choose from a wide range saltwater and freshwater tropical fish tanks, adjust a number of swimming fish and way they swim in the 3d screensaver. Underwater 4k aquarium environment is completely different, all the fishes and bubbles are calculated every time in 3D. You never have to watch the same 3D aquarium screensaver twice! With free virtual fish tank screensaver, you can now have an illusion of a real aquarium without the worry of taking care of the fish. What could be better than the tranquil beauty of 4k aquarium fish tank full of colorful tropical fish which swim slowly back and forth in front of your eyes?
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6/23/2023 0 Comments Platform bird feeder on poleBirds will find the seed put out for them, and if they feel it is safe to return, they will. Is a tray bird feeder the right choice for a beginner?įeeding birds can be as simple as sprinkling birdseed on the ground consistently. Other types of bird feeders have shapes and feeding ports of different sizes where birds have to figure out how to obtain the food and allow only specific bird sizes and bill shapes.Ī tray or platform resembles an open space on the ground, something birds, mainly ground-feeding birds, are used to feed on regularly. Tray bird feeders are the least exclusive. It consists of a square or rectangular base with sides at the edges to prevent the birdseed from spilling over.īirdseed is directly filled into the tray and is visible to the birds. What is a tray or platform bird feeder, and how it works?Ī tray bird feeder is the simplest of all bird feeders. In this article, I describe tray or platform bird feeders, their types, how they work, and the pros and cons of having one. It can be placed anywhere, including the ground, and are easy to refill. Unlike tube and hopper feeders, a tray feeder is just a platform without feeding ports or shapes that may intimidate shy species or where birds have to figure out how to get to the seed.Ī tray feeder is ideal for someone who is starting to feed birds at home. It consists of a square or rectangular platform (base) with side pieces to prevent the birdseed from spilling over.Ī tray feeder is known as a non-exclusive feeder. Just ask.A tray or platform bird feeder is the simplest and more versatile of all bird feeders. If you’d like your money back within 1 year of purchase, no worries. – Designed by the brightest minds, utilizing only the highest quality materials and expert manufacturing methodologies, GrayBunny offers premium products for your lawn and garden while exceeding highest industry standards and offering impeccable customer care. – Mesh tray effortlessly detaches from the pole for easy cleaning. – Easily adjust to any desired location by loosening and tightening the wing nut by hand. – Rust resistant, sturdy steel construction. – The feeling of joy and satisfaction that comes from feeding hungry animals is priceless. – Maintaining the feeding station by ensuring it is well stocked becomes an enjoyable activity that’s great for keeping the elderly busy or teaching young ones responsibility. – A great gift idea for parents, nature lovers and children. – The mesh tray can hold mealworms, peanuts, dry fruit or milo which attract ground feeding birds like cardinals, juncos, doves, and jays. – Add an extra mesh tray to offer more types of bird food which will attract a wider array of bird species. Must be able to slide up or down pole in order to attach. Also compatible with other brands that have 7/8 inch diameter (or smaller) poles. – For use with the GrayBunny Premium Bird Feeding Station. This product is currently out of stock and unavailable.Įnjoy Nature From the Comfort of Your Home!Ī Mesh Tray Accessory For Your Backyard Bird Feeding Station Click the “Add to cart” button to be on your way towards enjoying nature from the comfort of your home! If you’d like your money back at any time within 1 year of your purchase, just ask. GrayBunny offers premium products for your lawn and garden while exceeding highest industry standards and offering impeccable customer care. The feeling of joy and satisfaction that comes from feeding hungry animals is priceless. Maintaining the feeding station by ensuring it is well stocked becomes an enjoyable activity that’s great for keeping the elderly busy or teaching young ones responsibility. GIFT IDEA: A great gift idea for parents, nature lovers and children.ENTERTAINING: Feed and watch wild birds from the comfort of your home with a backyard feeding station! Place it outside your home near a window or by your patio or deck and have a clear viewing angle to hours of consistent and delightful entertainment.No tools required! Mesh tray effortlessly detaches from the pole for easy cleaning. Easily adjust to any desired location by loosening and tightening the wing nut by hand. PREMIUM DESIGN: Rust resistant, sturdy steel construction.Note: This is also a replacement part for the tray and bracket which is included with model GB-6844 and GB-6844D. Must be able to slide up or down the pole in order to attach. Also compatible with other brands with poles between 3/4 and 7/8 inches thick. Add an extra mesh tray to offer more types of bird food which will attract a wider array of bird species. ACCESSORIZE: For use with the GrayBunny Premium Bird Feeding Station. 6/23/2023 0 Comments Internet explorer download macbookCreate a new Windows OS-based virtual machine. Install Parallels Desktop for Mac on your system and start it up.Ģ. The basic workflow installing and using Parallels is as follows:ġ. What is particularly cool about Parallels is that the application appearance is seamless Windows apps run transparently within Mac OS X as if the “Wintel” apps were in fact native to the Mac.īy using this method, you are financially on the hook for both the Parallels license ( $79.99 as of this writing), as well as the license and installation media for Microsoft Windows. Parallels Desktop for the Mac provides hardware virtualization of Windows for Mac OS X-based computers. That is, we are unable to drag-and-drop resources between the host computer and the guest virtual machine. Note that the biggest “Achilles Heel” to the VirtualBox approach is that there is a pretty high degree of separation between Internet Explorer and Mac OS X. To browse IE sites, simply fire up your VM, log into Windows, start Internet Explorer, and off you go! If you need to share resources between the guest OS (the Windows-based virtual machine) and the host OS (your Mac computer), then you’ll want to set up the Shared Folders function in VirtualBox. If you need some assistance with this issues, there exist many wonderful tutorials that are only a mouse click away.Ģ. In order to access your LAN or the Internet from within the virtual machine, you will need to ensure that the VM’s network settings are configured properly. As of this writing, a single-user license for Windows 7 Home Edition is approximately $115. Note that this step requires that you own a license and installation media for that version of Windows. Open VirtualBox and create a virtual machine based upon your desired version of Windows. For specific instructions on how to install and use VirtualBox on Mac OS X, I suggest that you check out the VirtualBox documentation site.ġ. With VirtualBox we can create guest virtual machines that run practically any operating system under the sun- pun intended-, depending upon your penchant for tweaking.įollowing is an abbreviated overview for getting Windows 7 and Internet Explorer running on Mac OS X. Oracle VM VirtualBox is a free x86 desktop virtualization product that is available for Windows, Linux, and yes indeed, Mac OS X. But hey: it’s better than nothing, right? Paid Method #1: Sun VirtualBox Judging from the above screenshot, which displays the 4sysops Website rendered in a WineBottled instance of Internet Explorer 7, the user interface is nowhere near as pretty (or as functional) as it is in native Microsoft Windows. To run Internet Explorer, navigate to your previously specified installation location and simply launch Internet Explorer. After installation completes, you are ready to rock. You will be prompted for an installation location (I suggest the Applications folder), after which then the virtualized IE installation will proceed.ģ. Next, select the desired Internet Explorer version from the list. Open WineBottler and select Install Predefined Prefixes from the left-hand navigation bar. Download WineBottler and drag both Wine and WineBottler to your Mac’s Applications folder.Ģ. Here is the high-level procedure to get WineBottler and IE up and running on your Mac OS X system:ġ. As of this writing, WineBottler includes built-in “ prefixes” (basically virtualized applications) that support local installation of several Windows applications, including Internet Explorer 6, Internet Explorer 7, and Internet Explorer 8. WineBottler is a Mac tool based upon Wine that provides for the easy installation of Windows application on Mac OS X. Wine, short for Wine Is Not an Emulator, is a GPL-licensed Mac application that relies upon X11 and allows Microsoft Windows applications to run under non-Microsoft operating systems. Let’s get to work! Free Method: WineBottler After all, sometimes the most reliable solution incurs financial outlay. I will also give you some IE-on-Mac methods that involve additional cost. The first solution is free, but may have variable long-term success for you, depending upon a variety of factors. In this blog post I will present to you a number of methods that will enable you to run Internet Explorer on a Mac. Money Management Template from Vertex42 – This template has everything.Multi-period Budget Excel Budget Template Spreadsheet nerd bonus: it has sparklines to show you yearly spending trends by category. Personal Budget Planner Template by Budget Templates – This yearly budget template is as simple as it gets, but it contains all the information you need for a yearly financial check-up.It also features a robust section for savings goals. It breaks down your income by source and your expenses by category and tracks budgeted vs. Yearly Budget Calculator by Vertex42 – If you’re looking for a comprehensive yearly budget, this is the one for you.The template is color coordinated to indicate which categories are paid for with cash–if you’re using the envelope method–or with budgeted savings–if you’re saving up for an expense over time. Budget by Words of Williams – This budget for beginners comes with a video tutorial to help you get started.It also has a summary page with a snapshot of your debt and savings. Monthly Budget Spreadsheet by Money Under 30 – This monthly budget has a page for each month which breaks down your daily spending by category.It’s a great option for beginners who may be intimidated by spreadsheet budgeting. With one quick glance, you can see if your actual spending lines up with the amount you budgeted. Monthly Budgeting Sheet by My Stay at Home Adventures – This template for monthly budgeters is very simple, yet visually appealing.Weekly Budget Template by Smartsheet – As the name suggests, this budget tracks income and expenses by week however, you can keep adding week columns in order to create a monthly or yearly budget.With minimal cell reference and an intuitive design, it’s difficult to accidentally break, which is especially helpful if you’re new to spreadsheets. Weekly/Bi-weekly Budget from Spreadsheet123 – This template allows you to budget either weekly or bi-weekly, making it easy for you to budget according to your pay schedule.With only one page, the template is simple while still managing to display all the information you need to remain informed about your money. Weekly Budget Planner from Vertex42 – Contrary to the name, you can use this template to create a weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly budget.It was designed to work with Tiller, but even without a Tiller subscription, this budget is elegant and fun to use. We want to call out the free Automated Budget Spreadsheet in Excel from Young Adult Money. But you also use an Excel spreadsheet to manage your household spending with your spouse, track your total net worth, or run detailed reports about your cash flow. However, while we believe spreadsheets remain the ultimate control center for total financial engagement, we also appreciate the utility of other apps and services to help out along the financial journey.įor example, you might use Mint to check your credit score. 6/23/2023 0 Comments Yellowstone season 3 episodesMonica hopes that now that they’re back on the ranch, spending more time keeping active with John (Kevin Costner) would help him heal. Tate (Brecken Merrill), Kayce (Luke Grimes) and Monica’s (Kelsey Asbille) son, is having nightmares after his kidnapping at the start of Season 3. “Y’all wanted retribution, there’s a price to pay for revenge,” Rip says after the execution, and several of the Bunkhouse crew, including Teeter and Colby, take the brand that night. Walker removes the brand from Morrow’s chest before hanging him to regain the family’s faith. Wade Morrow (Boots Southerland), one of the men, has the characteristic Dutton brand and has definitely betrayed John at some point. In reaction to the attack, John instructs Rip to “take ’em to the train station” (Dutton-speak for “murder them”), and the Bunkhousers set up a trap to complete the task. Simultaneously, Rip and Lloyd (Forrie Smith) run across Walker (Ryan Bingham) in a pub, which is an unwanted surprise considering Kayce was meant to kill him in Season 2. Rourke hires two men to irritate John Dutton, which leads to an attack on Teeter (Jennifer Landon) and Colby, two new employees on the ranch (Denim Richards). When it comes to violence pulling people together, we get another key piece of the picture in the form of the Dutton tradition of branding their most devoted Bunkhouse crew. While the operation makes Monica nervous, it also draws Monica and Kayce closer together. She risks her own life to complete the mission, and the killer is eventually shot and killed by Mo (Mo Brings Plenty) during Monica’s attack. Rainwater forms a council to prevent violence against women on the reservation after the death of a young lady is discovered, and Monica is recruited to assist catch the culprit. Monica was bound to get her hands filthy at some time now that they’re back together and living on Yellowstone Ranch, but the biggest surprise was that her first “murder” had nothing to do with the Dutton family drama. Kayce and Monica spent the first season on the reserve and the majority of the second season apart, but they can’t get away from the Dutton family’s terrible past. She presents Jimmy an option at the end: defy John and keep her, or stay off the horse and lose her. Jimmy’s medical fees are paid and he promises to give up rodeo, but Mia is understandably upset by Jimmy’s willingness to be branded and the Duttons’ power over their employees. In other news, Teeter and Colby start dating, and Jimmy (Jefferson White), everyone’s favorite ranch hand, finds love with Mia (Eden Brolin), a woman he meets at the rodeo after an accident leaves him with a fractured back. A romantic gesture befitting of a couple that spent their “first date” watching wolves devour a dead deer. He accepts, asks Lloyd to be his best man, and excavates his mother’s grave to present Beth with her mother’s ring. Knowing that he’ll never ask John for her hand, she asks Rip to marry her instead, with her father’s consent. As previously stated, Kayce and Monica’s marriage is on the mend, but that is only the beginning.Īfter Rip (Cole Hauser) freed Beth from the Becks’ assassins in Season 2 and told her he loved her, they are now truly committed. Season 3 of Yellowstone wasn’t all scheming and bloodshed it was also the most romantic season yet. John recognizes the danger, and he believes his daughter, but he also made a pledge to his dying father many years ago, and he expresses his willingness to “rather lose it than break it.” Love Is In the Country Air The family can’t afford to keep the land, and with well-funded firms and investors vying for it from all sides, it will gradually be chipped away until there’s nothing left to support the family or their heritage. She presents her father with the big deal and explains why he should accept it in great detail. “That land is not your family’s inheritance,” Rourke says flatly, “it is a relic that will continue to appreciate until you can no longer afford it,” and Beth agrees. The Duttons’ land provides them with immense capital and local authority, but it also leaves them cash poor, as previous seasons have shown. You kill the king.” John Turned Down “Generational Wealth” to Keep His Landīeth comes to terms with the truth that her family’s land is unsustainable in its current ownership state at some point during her struggle with Market Equities. And where should Jamie’s enterprise go from here? “The Yellowstone is an empire, not a ranch.” “You steal empires,” he tells Jamie. Garrett also had some ominous advise for his estranged son, which appears to have had an effect. 6/23/2023 0 Comments Best mouselessThe most common are bash and Zsh I use the second and I highly recommend it. In this article, I will refer to the shell pretty often. I will introduce you to the fantastic world of Mouseless Development Environments. Better tools to use MySQL (or any database, really) in the shell.How to have a powerful terminal with URxvt, tmux, and tmuxp.Why the Linux shell is the best tool a developer can use.What’s this Mouseless Development Environment? That’s what we’ll explore in this article. Developing became more enjoyable, and, as a result, my productivity increased. It wasn’t a system I was fighting against day after day. I could customize my system for it to answer my needs. When I switched to the tools I use today, I really understood how important it is to have a good, efficient, and scalable Mouseless Development Environment. I can use 90% of my system with the keyboard only.If I can remember them, it’s because they make sense, much more than the typical shortcuts for GUIs. I can use consistent shortcuts (keystrokes) for every tool I use.Improving your Linux skills is important for any web developer: almost everything on Internet is running on Linux-based systems. I learned a tonne about Linux, thanks to Arch Linux.It was one of the best decision I made in my entire career: I couldn’t trust it anymore.įast forward a few months, I had the pleasure to meet and work with amazing developers who showed me how to build a very effective Mouseless Development Environment. The bitterness filling my heart was unstoppable. I spent hours trying to fix the whole system, but I didn’t know how Linux-based systems were working. Then, the tragedy: one morning, fresh and motivated, I decided to upgrade my LTS version. I didn’t know better, so I stuck with it for years. I had to learn a lot of random shortcuts for every tool I was using.I had to compile manually a lot of applications not available (are outdated).Weird display bugs were popping from time to time.It was easy to install, easy to use, and it seemed to answer my needs.īut month after month, my pride decreased as much as my annoyance increased. Once upon a time, I was a proud Ubuntu user. , updated Twitter #Mouseless #Tools #Productivity A Mouseless Development Environment 6/23/2023 0 Comments Giant oceanic manta ray jumpingThe reef manta ray in this photograph, according to a Manta Trust database, is a juvenile male. Manta rays are the largest species of ray and live in tropical, subtropical, and temperate ocean waters across the globe. The dark spot pattern on the underside of each one is unique and serves as an ID. Two giant oceanic manta rays feed on plankton. The island chain plays host to the world’s largest population of the majestic fish, with more than 5,000 individuals counted. For a liveaboard experience unlike any other, book your manta ray adventure to Socorro Island. Protections seem to be effective in the Maldives, where catching reef manta rays is prohibited and rangers limit access to certain lagoons when the animals aggregate to feed. Many of the manta rays found near Socorro display the rare all-black morph and enjoy a disc-width of more than 16 feet (5 meters) In fact, this is the best place in the world to see a giant oceanic manta ray. She says government officials, conservationists and scuba outfitters who lead reef manta ray-watching trips could all use such information to benefit the animals. How does it know where to go next, and when? A change in wind direction, which affects surface currents, appears to play a role. Harris, a doctoral candidate at the University of Plymouth, is working to understand environmental cues that prompt the fish to migrate, sometimes hundreds of miles, in search of food. “The only way to halt the decline is to take action.” “It’s a species that doesn’t have any way of adapting to survive human pressures,” says Joanna Harris, a researcher at Manta Trust, a U.K.-based nonprofit. In the Sea of Cortez, aggressive overfishing wiped out local populations of two reef manta ray cousins, the oceanic manta ray and the devil ray, in just 20 years.Ĭonservation groups are spurring research into the slow-growing giant, which can stretch 12 feet wingtip to wingtip, weigh 1,500 pounds and live 40 years. The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies the reef manta ray as “vulnerable.” Worry is justified. Climate change looms as another challenge. That practice, plus deliberate killing of the fish for food, unintentional capture in nets, boat strikes and other threats have reduced world populations. Those plates, made of cartilage, are lately a source of trouble: Poachers are killing reef manta rays to supply quacks who peddle the material in a bogus remedy. Swimming through a plankton cloud, it opens its massive mouth, deploys special fins to funnel the seawater in, and filters out the tiny morsels with its comb-like gill plates. And because it is a very large animal that depends on a very small, even microscopic food source-plankton-the fish has to eat virtually all the time. Like many shark species, a manta ray must constantly move to avoid sinking and to keep oxygen-rich water flowing across its gills. For a reef manta ray like this one swooping in the Indian Ocean near the Maldives, motion is life. 6/23/2023 0 Comments Take as needed for pain hank 3Williams' first solo album, Risin' Outlaw, was released in September 1999 to respectable sales and strong reviews, despite Williams's own hatred of the record. and Hank III, due to the success of the Three Hanks album, would receive a Vocal Duo of the Year nomination by the Academy of Country Music in 1997. In the late 1980s, upon first meeting Hank Williams III, Minnie Pearl, a friend of the late Hank Williams Sr., reportedly said "Lord, honey, you're a ghost", as she was astonished by his striking resemblance to his grandfather. Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts was issued shortly thereafter, which spliced together recordings to make it seem that three generations of Williams men were singing alongside one another. Recordings for Curb Records (1996-2010) Ĭapitalizing on his family name and resemblance to his grandfather, he signed a contract with Nashville music industry giant Curb Records. Williams also played drums for Arson Anthem, formed with Anselmo and Mike Williams of the sludge metal band Eyehategod. Williams later played bass guitar in the heavy metal band Superjoint Ritual, now renamed as Superjoint for legal reasons, led by former Pantera vocalist Phil Anselmo. During this time frame, Williams was informed that he had fathered a son, Coleman Finchum, who was five years old by that time a family court judge ordered Williams to find more stable employment so that Finchum could receive child support. Williams spent much of his early career playing drums in punk rock bands during the late 1980s and early-to-mid-1990s. He is also the nephew of Jett Williams, the half-brother of Holly Williams, and the father of Coleman Williams. Williams is the grandson of Hank Williams and the son of Hank Williams Jr. He has released eleven studio albums, including five for Curb Records. He was the drummer of hardcore punk band Arson Anthem, and bassist of Phil Anselmo's band Superjoint Ritual. Shelton Hank Williams (born December 12, 1972), known as Hank Williams III, is an American musician, singer and multi-instrumentalist, known for his fusion of traditional country music, rockabilly, heavy metal, and punk rock. 6/23/2023 0 Comments Omnipresence over mortals genshinModerators may remove submissions with repetitive content or certain generic topics for overall subreddit quality.If you unlocked Yae Miko's story quest, but haven't completed the first part yet, you need to do that first before you can begin Kazuha's story quest.(4) For topics about which multiple videos have already been posted, new videos about the same topic should present new important information, new perspectives, and/or better video production quality. (3) Self-promotional videos can only be posted once every five days. Do NOT make a link post that redirects to your video. (2) For Guides & Tips videos, all submissions should text posts with a detailed-write up about the information presented in your video along with time-stamps, if needed. (1) Plain playthroughs with no commentary, news reading, and low-quality/effort videos. Self-promotion is not prohibited but subject to removal and the following limitations:.(3) Others determined on a case-by-case basis.įor every submitter, at most one art/meme/screenshot post is allowed per day. (2) Posts with repetitive content or certain generic topics to help maintain subreddit quality (1) Reaction images, basic meme templates, etc (They belong in /r/Genshin_Memepact) The quality of a post is primarily judged by how much it contributes to a constructive discussion. Low quality/effort posts are subject to removal.Submissions that involve spoilers (storylines etc.) should be marked as such.ĭetails about what is considered as spoilers can be found here: Other forms of self-made content (such as screenshots or videos) should be tagged with the “Media” flair. (Note: Inclusion of artist name as a watermark is not considered as self-promotion). No self-promotion is allowed in the title or artwork (ex. At most one OC artwork can be posted per three days for every submitter. The OC (Original Content) flair is reserved for creators submitting their original artwork or handicraft only.See this visual guide for more info about how to submit a non-OC fanart. Artist name should be included in the title.Īt most ONE non-OC artwork is allowed per WEEK for every submitter. All non-OC (non-original-content) artwork posts should be in the form of a direct link(URL) to the source (the original post by the artist).Overly Strong use of Profanity (In quantity or effect). Prohibited Content: Gore, Exposed or Accentuated Genitalia (including if covered by clothing), Excessively Exposed Breasts, Express or Strongly Implied Sexual Activity, Posing or Context (Including text), Cropped/Censored versions of any of the above content or any other pornographic material.All art featuring revealing swimwear or equally revealing outfits must be tagged NSFW. Permissible Content when tagged NSFW: Moderate use of Blood, Partial Nudity, Subtle Innuendo, Mild Profanity (In quantity or effect).Account trading, commercial promotion, and any forms of activities that involve virtual or real-life monetary transactions are strictly prohibited in this subreddit and will subject the poster to permanent ban.No account trading or commercial promotion Please refer to the active megathreads on sidebar for relevant topics. Use the megathread(s) whenever appropriate.Posts that primarily reference other games or topics will be moderated on a case-by-case basis. All submissions should be primarily relevant to Genshin Impact.Please stick to basic discussion etiquette and refrain from insulting or harassing others. It is natural that people have different opinions.Official Site | Webtoon | Crunchyroll Subreddit Rules: Teyvat Interactive Map (chest locations and more) In-depth FAQ page (system requirements, cross-save/cross-play and more) The game features a massive, gorgeous map, an elaborate elemental combat system, engaging storyline & characters, co-op game mode, soothing soundtrack, and much more for you to explore!Īnnouncement Non-OC Question Flair filtersĪrt/Cosplay/Fluff/Media Filter Featured links This is the official community for Genshin Impact (原神), the latest open-world action RPG developed by miHoYo. Concave mirrors, commonly found in the largest optical telescopes, are used to collect the faint light emitted from very distant stars. Mirrors are not always flat and can be produced in a variety of configurations that provide interesting and useful reflection characteristics. The type of reflection that is seen in a mirror depends upon the mirror’s shape and, in some cases, how far away from the mirror the object being reflected is positioned. The way in which this occurs is easiest to visualize when looking at the reflection of an object placed on one side of the observer, so that the light from the object strikes the mirror This image is referred to as “virtual” because it does not actually exist (no light is produced) and appears to be behind the plane of the mirror due to an assumption that the brain naturally makes. The mirror’s smooth reflective glass surface renders a virtual image of the observer from the light that is reflected directly back into the eyes. Perhaps the best example of specular reflection, which we encounter on a daily basis, is the mirror image produced by a household mirror that people might use many times a day to view their appearance. There are far more occurrences of diffuse reflection than specular reflection in our everyday environment. Specular reflection is defined as light reflected from a smooth surface at a definite angle, whereas diffuse reflection is produced by rough surfaces that tend to reflect light in all directions (as illustrated in Figure 3). The reflection of light can be roughly categorized into two types of reflection. How Many Types of Reflection of Light Are There? For instance, an apple appears a shiny red color because it has a relatively smooth surface that reflects red light and absorbs other non-red (such as green, blue, and yellow) wavelengths of light. Many of the objects that we casually view every day (people, cars, houses, animals, trees, etc.) do not themselves emit visible light but reflect incident natural sunlight and artificial light. However, in the real world most objects have convoluted surfaces that exhibit a diffuse reflection, with the incident light being reflected in all directions. When surface imperfections are smaller than the wavelength of the incident light (as in the case of a mirror), virtually all of the light is reflected equally. The amount of light reflected by an object, and how it is reflected, is highly dependent upon the degree of smoothness or texture of the surface. The reflected light produces a mirror image. Regardless of whether light is acting as particles or waves, the result of reflection is the same. Because the particles are so small, they travel very close together (virtually side by side) and bounce from different points, so their order is reversed by the reflection process, producing a mirror image. The best surfaces for reflecting light are very smooth, such as a glass mirror or polished metal, although almost all surfaces will reflect light to some degree.Īccording to particle theory, which differs in some important details from the wave concept, light arrives at the mirror in the form of a stream of tiny particles, termed photons, which bounce away from the surface upon impact. It is important to note that the light is not separated into its component colors because it is not being “bent” or refracted, and all wavelengths are being reflected at equal angles. This concept is often termed the Law of Reflection. Thus, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection for visible light as well as for all other wavelengths of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. Visible white light that is directed onto the surface of a mirror at an angle (incident) is reflected back into space by the mirror surface at another angle (reflected) that is equal to the incident angle, as presented for the action of a beam of light from a flashlight on a smooth, flat mirror in Figure 2. The incoming light wave is referred to as an incident wave, and the wave that is bounced away from the surface is termed the reflected wave. However, it wasn’t until a millennium and a half later that the Arab scientist Alhazen proposed a law describing exactly what happens to a light ray when it strikes a smooth surface and then bounces off into space. Some of the earliest accounts of light reflection originate from the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, who conducted a series of experiments around 300 BC, and appears to have had a good understanding of how light is reflected. |